Pharaoah
Pharaoh is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly status) in ancient Egypt. See History of Egypt. See also monarch. The term derives from the words pr-o, meaning Great House. It was not commonly used by the Egyptians themselves to refer to their monarchs, but is frequently used by modern historians due to its use in the Bible, especially the Book of Exodus.
NB: the dates given must be regarded in most instances as approximate.
Dating systems for Egyptian studies are quite various, depending on how they are constructed and what assumptions are used.
What is presented below is one such interpretation, but it is assuredly not the only one.
See also: Egyptian chronology, Conventional Egyptian chronology.
Archaic period
Predynastic: Lower Egypt
Lower Egypt, known as the Black Land, consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile Delta.
Predynastic: Upper Egypt
Upper Egypt, known as the Red Land, consisted of the southern Nile and the deserts.
Second Dynasty
Third Dynasty
Fourth Dynasty
Fifth Dynasty
Sixth Dynasty
Seventh Dynasty
Eighth Dynasty
Ninth Dynasty
Tenth Dynasty
The X Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Upper Egypt.
Eleventh Dynasty
The XI Dynasty was a local group with roots in Lower Egypt.
Twelfth Dynasty
Thirteenth Dynasty
Fourteenth Dynasty
The XIV Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Xois (Avaris).
The source provides an additional 25 names, some fragmented, and no dates. None are attested to elsewhere, and all are of very dubious provenance.
Fifteenth Dynasty
The XV Dynasty arose from among the Hyskos people: desert Bedouins who emerged out of the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region.
Sixteenth Dynasty
The XVI Dynasty was a local group based on the north coast of the Sinai (Pelusium).
Some sources include as many as six more names (Semqen, Khauserre, Seket, Ahetepre, Amu, and Nebkhepeshre (Apepi III)) - none are attested to elsewhere. This group seems to have disappeared entirely by 1555 BC.
Seventeenth Dynasty
The XVII Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt.
Eighteenth Dynasty
Nineteenth Dynasty
Twentieth Dynasty
High Priests of Amun at Thebes
While not regarded as a dynasty per se, these theocrats were nevertheless of such power and influence that they were effectively the rulers of Upper Egypt.
Twenty-first Dynasty
Tanitic. A relatively weak group – theoretically rulers of all Egypt, but in practice only influential in Lower Egypt.
Twenty-second Dynasty
The pharaohs of the XXII Dynasty were Libyans.
Twenty-third Dynasty
The XXIII Dynasty was a local group, of Libyan origin, based at Leontopolis.
The Libu
Not reckoned a dynasty as such, the Libu were yet another group of western nomads (Libyans) who occupied the western Delta for a time.
Twenty-fourth Dynasty
The XXIV was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais).
Late Kingdom
Twenty-fifth Dynasty
Nubians invaded and took the throne of Egypt, establishing the XXV Dynasty.
They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656-590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC-4th cent. AD).
Twenty-sixth Dynasty
Twenty-seventh Dynasty
Egypt was annexed to the Persian Empire between from 525 BC and till 404 BC. The Achaemenid Shahs were acknowledged as pharaohs in this era, forming a "Twenty-Seventh" Dynasty.:
Twenty-eighth Dynasty
Twenty-ninth Dynasty
Thirtieth Dynasty
Persians and Greeks
- Egypt once more under Persian rule:
- A Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt under:
- A third Persian takeover:
- Macedon conquers Persia, and Egypt:
Rome
Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BC.
External links
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