Gemini program

Gemini spacecraft 6A and 7 rendevous in orbit. (NASA)

Gemini was the third human spaceflight program undertaken by the United States of America, though it was completed before the second such program (Apollo). Conducted during the years 1963-1966, its goal was to develop techniques for advanced space travel, notably those necessary for the Apollo program, which was to land men on the Moon.

Gemini was originally seen as a simple extrapolation of the Mercury program and thus early on was called Mercury Mark II. The final program had little in common with Mercury and was in fact superior to even Apollo in some ways. This was mainly a result of its late start date, which allowed it to benefit from much that had been learned on Apollo up to that point.

Unlike Mercury, the Gemini capsule could alter its own orbit. It could also dock with other spacecraft--one of which, the Agena Target Vehicle, had its own large rocket engine which was used to perform large orbital changes. Gemini was the first American manned spacecraft to include an onboard computer, the Gemini Guidance Computer, to facilitate management and control of mission maneuvers.

Gemini missions involved extravehicular activity and orbital maneuvers including rendezvous and docking.

The Gemini designation comes from the fact that the spacecraft held two men.

Missions

Launch of Gemini mission on a Titan II. (NASA)

Unmanned

• Gemini 1 - First test flight of Gemini
• Gemini 2 - Suborbital flight to test heat shield

Manned

• Gemini 3 - First manned Gemini flight
• Gemini 4 - First American EVA
• Gemini 5 - First week long flight
• Gemini 7 - First fortnight long flight
• Gemini 6A - First rendezvous with another spacecraft (Gemini 7)
• Gemini 8 - First docking in space
• Gemini 9A - First and only rendezvous with ATDA
• Gemini 10 - First rendezvous with two different spacecraft
• Gemini 11 - Highest manned flight in Earth orbit
• Gemini 12 - First manual rendezvous

See also:

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Further reading:

• Gene Kranz, Failure is Not an Option. Factual, from the standpoint of a chief flight controller during the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo space programs.

External links:

• John F. Kennedy Space Center - The Gemini Program
• Project Gemini
• Space history: Gemini Program space history - Gemini missions spaceflight

Gemini 6A views Gemini 7, 1965 (NASA)

Referenced By