Father Leonard Feeney (1897-1978) was an AmericanJesuitpriest who insisted on a rigorous interpretation of the Catholic doctrine extra ecclesiam nulla salus, or "outside the church there is no salvation", arguing that all non-Catholics go to Hell (critics inside the Catholic church agree to this, but claim Feeney denied the alternate ways of becoming Catholic besides being bapitzed by water, namely the bapitism of blood and the baptism of desire). He was officially excommunicated in 1953 by Pope Pius XII for refusing to submit to ecclesiastical authority, but his supporters claim that the excommunication was invalid.
