Euler-Maclaurin formula
The Euler-Maclaurin formula provides a powerful connection
between integrals (see calculus) and sums. It can be used to approximate
integrals by finite sums, or conversely to evaluate finite sums and infinite series using integrals and the machinery of calculus. The formula was
discovered independently by Leonhard Euler and Colin Maclaurin
around 1735. Euler needed it to compute slowly converging infinite series while Maclaurin used it to calculate integrals.
If n is a natural number and f(x) is a smooth (meaning: sufficiently often differentiable) function defined for all real numbers x between 0 and n, then the integral
can be approximated by the sum
(see trapezoidal rule). The Euler-Maclaurin formula provides expressions for the difference between the sum and the integral in terms of the higher derivatives f(k) at the end points of the interval 0 and n. For any natural number p, we have
where, B2 = 1/6, B4 = -1/30, B6 = 1/42, B8 = -1/30 ... are the Bernoulli numbers.
R is an error term which is normally small if p is large enough and can be estimated as
By employing the substitution rule, one can adapt this formula also to functions f which are defined on some other interval of the real line.
If f is a polynomial and p is big enough, then the remainder term vanishes. For instance, if f(x) = x3, we can choose p = 2 to obtain after simplification
With the function f(x) = log(x), the Euler-Maclaurin formula can be used to derive precise error estimates for Stirling's approximation of the factorial function.
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Referenced By
1735 | Addend | Addition | Augend | Bernoulli number | Bernoulli numbers | Bernoulli polynomial | Bernoulli polynomials | EuleR | Leonard Euler | LeonhardEuler | Leonhard Euler | List of calculus topics | List of mathematical topics (D-F) | List of mathematical topics (F-Z) | Plus | Plus sign | Stirling's approximation | Stirling's formula
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