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Esoteric programming language

Esoteric programming languages are programming languages which are designed as a proof of concept, or as jokes, and not with the intention of being adopted for real-world programming. Consequently, usability is rarely a high priority for such languages. The usual aim is to remove or replace conventional language features while still maintaining a language that is Turing-complete.

The earliest esoteric language was Intercal, designed in 1972 with the stated aim of being as fundamentally unlike any existing language as possible. Other noteworthy esoteric languages are (for a more complete list, see List of esoteric programming languages):

Brainfuck, a Turing tarpit consisting of only eight instructions
Unlambda, an even more minimal language based on the functional programming paradigm
Befunge, in which programs are arranged on a two-dimensional grid
Malbolge, designed to be the hardest programming language ever invented.
Whitespace, a programming language where only whitespace (space, tab, newline) matters.

A related pursuit among programming language enthusiasts is the writing of obfuscated code.

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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Esoteric programming language".